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Mangystau region is an administrative unit located in the southwestern part of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Mangystau region borders Atyrau region and the Republic of Turkmenistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Caspian Sea with Azerbaijan and Iran. The region was founded on March 20, 1973. It was abolished on June 2, 1988, and on August 17, 1990, it was transformed into the historical province of Mangystau. The regional center is Aktau.
Kazakhstan has only the Aktau International Commercial Sea Port, which provides access to the sea. Abish Kekilbayuly, a native of Mangystau region, compared Mangystau to "Sleeping Beauty". At the same time, the contour images depict the outlines of the Mangystau Peninsula as the profile of a young woman.
Mangystau region has been engaged in cattle breeding since ancient times. The soil is salty, shrubby, with a short winter, but windy, with dry cold and low humidity, with prolonged spring and hot summer.
Etymology
There are many different opinions about the origin of the word Mangystau. One of them is a nomadic settlement, a thousand villages, or a thousand wintering grounds. In the book by E. Koishbaev "Dictionary of names of terrestrial and aquatic names of Kazakhstan", published in 1985, four versions of the origin of the name Mangystau are given. Firstly, the name of the region comes from a combination of "thousand" and "winter". The second one was named after the Nogai tribe "mek". Thirdly, according to E. Koishybaev's prediction, "Mangyshlak" means "Mountain of monsters".
Mangystau local historian Serikbol Kondybai believes that the assumption about the "monsters" is correct. In Eastern Turkic and Mongolian mythology, a "boomerang" (gazebo, mongoose) is a dragon, a beautiful monster. The Mongols describe it only as evil, while the Turks describe it as bad. According to Kundybai, the Turkmen tribes of the Oghuz people who inhabited Mangistau had the Salir tribe, and today the Turkmen nation has a large Salar tribe. He also claims that there is a historical genetic link between the Turkic-speaking Salir in Qinghai Province in China and the same name. The Oguzes who arrived in Mangystau called Karatau "Mangyshlak". There are legends about Idahar among both Turkmen and Kazakhs (about Ainazar Batyr).
The Oghuz tribes translated the name "Mangyshlag" based on their legends, a translation (tracing paper) of the toponym. Therefore, it can be concluded that Mangystau means scary mountain, which means dragon mountain or dragon mountain.
Geography
Mangystau region is located in the southwestern part of Kazakhstan. The western and northern parts of the region are bordered by the surrounding Caspian Sea to Eastern Europe, and Turkmenistan to the south, Karakalpakstan to the southeast, and Atyrau and Aktobe regions to the north and northeast.
The highest point in the Mangystau region is Mount Beschoki on the eastern ridge of Karatau. The lowest point is the bottom of the Karakia Basin, which is the fifth largest in the world and the deepest.
Vegetation cover
The study of the world of the Mangystau region began a long time ago, 150 years ago, by botanists and nature lovers: A. Schrenk, I. Borshov, P.A. Semenov-Tien-Shansky, I. Severtsov became acquainted with science thanks to the works of Eichwald. Eichwald's published works are especially important - the flora of the Caspian Sea from Mangystau to Shadam. Karelin 1832, In search of a suitable place to build a fortress near the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea, they described valuable species of the flora of Mangystau. Borshov 1965 In the publication "Materials on the botanical geography of the Aral-Caspian region" a number of references were made to the flora of the Mangystau Peninsula.
Camels, owl, chamois, and vulture are also found in the Mangystau region. Pine trees grow in the mountains and in the foothills of the Tupkaragan region and on the plains of the Southern Mangystau plain. Wormwood is the main food for pastures in the Mangystau region. Wormwood grows throughout the region. Other plants are also common in the Mangistau steppe.
Medicinal plants
Grasses play a special role in the diversity of flora found in the steppes of Mangystau. Mangystau has a large supply of medicinal plants that will require careful research in the future. In addition, the meat of cattle raised in nature in the Mangistau steppe is also very tasty.
Wildlife of Mangystau region
The history of the Mangystau region, which is thousands of years old, is known as a result of the diversity of nature and wildlife. Currently, representatives of fauna typical of deserts can be found in any part of Mangystau: zoos, reptiles, mammals, rodents, predators and birds. Among them: hedgehog, steppe turtles, lizards, various types of snakes, grouse, goat, field mice: crow, owl, owl, korsak, fox, wolf, etc.
Climate
The climate of the Mangystau region is formed due to the region's location in the center of the Eurasian continent, far from the world's seas and oceans.
Characteristic of the region: summers are very hot, winters are cold at this latitude; sharp fluctuations in annual and daytime temperatures; with little precipitation and uneven distribution throughout the year, the air is dry.
Relief
The terrain of the region is different. The northern part is occupied by Zheltau (hills) (221 m), Myn-Sualmas (148 m) and sandy areas (Karakum, etc.), Volcanic debris (Alikolkol, Kayak, Karatuley, Karakeshu, etc.) and the coast of the Caspian Sea, where the Bozachi peninsula is located. , The central part is located on the Mangystau Peninsula (Aktau, Karatau, 556 m), on the Mangystau plateau and in the deepest depression in the CIS (-132 m) Karakiya. The Kenderli-Kaisan highlands are located in the southwest, and the Karinzharyk depression is located in the south. The Ustyurt plateau occupies the eastern part of the region
Historical period
In the past centuries, the Mangystau region was divided into various traditional nomadic administrative units. The symbolism of a clear geographical boundary dates back to the middle of the nineteenth century. The region that became part of the Russian Empire in 1848 (Mangystau, Ustyurt, Forment, Dunyztau) was divided into Upper and Lower Adai.
In 1869, according to the "New Rule", the Mangystau province was formed as part of the Ural region, which included 20,000 Kazakhs. In the same year, due to the popular uprising led by Isa-Dossan, he was transferred to the Caucasian Military District. In 1881, it was transformed into the Mangystau province, and in 1899 it was incorporated into the Transcaucasian region (the center is Ashgabat) of the Turkestan Governorate General. At that time, the area of the district was 190 thousand square kilometers.
In July 1920, after the complete restoration of Soviet power, the large district of Adai was established. Under the leadership of Tobaniyaz Aliyazovich, this region was part of the Kazakh ASSR and finally became part of it. In 1928, the Adai district was dissolved, and the Mangystau district was soon transformed into the Mangystau district.
On March 20, 1973, the personal administration became a province and in 1990 formed its own territorial structure.
History
Mangystau region is located on the Mangystau Peninsula. The name of the region is given due to its geographical location.
The earliest records of Mangystau's trips are from the Arab ambassador Ahmed ibn Fadlan to Khorezm, who traveled from Baghdad to Volga Bulgaria on March 4, continuing on to the Ustyurt plateau, reaching the Oguz state on March 4. Due to the short time spent on the road, the area was located between the villages of Beineu and Giley. Ibn Fadlan provided some information about the Oghuz in his work Ar Risale.
One of the branches of the Great Silk Road passed through Mangistau, and the main caravan route was the road from Khazar to Khorezm.
Demographics
Mangystau region is one of the most sparsely populated areas. Archaeological excavations in the region have revealed an ancient population of the Neolithic and Bronze Age 180-200 thousand years ago (Paleolithic), as well as ancient settlements in Ustyurt and Mangystau. The first information about the population of Mangystau was recorded in 1745.
Economy
Mangystau region is the main donor of the region of Kazakhstan. The economic activity of the region is mainly driven by the high mineral resources in the region, including the development of oil and gas fields. Over the past 20 years, many large oil and gas fields have been developed in the Caspian Sea.
Due to the fact that Mangystau region is located along the Caspian Sea and borders other countries, the pace of cargo transportation is increasing every year. The land-sea-sky integration project is also dynamically developing in the region.
The subsoil is rich in oil, gas, phosphorites, coal, manganese, various salts and shells. The mining industry is a defining industry for the region.
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